001
O long-lived (Gambusvamin)!
I (Sudharman) have heard the following discourse from the
venerable (Mahavira):
002
Here many do not remember whether they have descended in an
eastern direction (when they were born in this world), or in a
southern, or in a western, or in a northern direction, or in the
direction from above, or in the direction from below, or in a
direction intermediate (between the cardinal points), or in a
direction intermediate between these (and the cardinal points).
003
Similarly, some do not know whether their soul is born again and
again or not; nor what they were formerly, nor what they will
become after having died and left this world.
004
Now this is what one should know, either by one's own knowledge
or through the instruction of the highest (i.e. a Tirthakara),
or having heard it from others: that he descended in an eastern
direction, or in any other direction (particularised above).
Similarly,some know that their soul is born again and again,
that it arrives in this or that direction, whatever direction
that may be.
005
He believes in soul, believes in the World believes in rewards,
believes in action (acknowledged to be our own doing in such
judgments as these): 'I did it;' 'I shall cause another to do
it;' 'I shall allow another to do it.' In the world, these are
all the causes of sin, which must be comprehended and renounced.
006
A man that does not comprehend and renounce the causes of sin,
descends in a cardinal or intermediate direction, wanders to all
cardinal or intermediate directions, is born again and again in
manifold births, experiences all painful feelings.
007
About this the Revered One has taught the truth (comprehension
and renunciation). For the sake of the splendour, honour, and
glory of this life, for the sake of birth, death, and final
liberation, for the removal of pain, all these causes of sin are
at work, which are to be comprehended and renounced in this
world. He who, in the world, comprehends and renounces these
causes of sin, is called a reward-knowing sage (muni). Thus I
say'.
Second lesson.
008
The (living) world is afflicted, miserable, difficult to
instruct, and without discrimination. In this world full of
pain, suffering by their different acts, see the benighted ones
cause great pain.
009
See! there are beings individually embodied (in earth; not one
all-soul). See! there are men who control themselves, (whilst
others only) pretend to be houseless (i.e. monks, such as the
Bauddhas, whose conduct differs not from that of householders),
because one destroys this (earth-body) by bad and injurious
doings, and many other beings, besides, which he hurts by means
of earth, through his doing acts relating to earth.
010
About this the Revered One has taught the truth: for the sake of
the splendour, honour, and glory of this life, for the sake of
birth, death, and final liberation, for the removal of pain, man
acts sinfully towards earth, or causes others to act so, or
allows others to act so. This deprives him of happiness and
perfect wisdom. About this he is informed when he has understood
or heard, either from the Revered One or from the monks, the
faith to be coveted.
011
There are some who, of a truth, know this (i. e. injuring) to be
the bondage, the delusion, the death, the hell. For this' a man
is longing when he destroys this (earth-body) by bad, injurious
doings, and many other beings, besides, which he hurts by means
of earth, through his doing acts relating to earth. Thus I say.
012
As somebody may cut or strike a blind man (who cannot see the
wound), as somebody may cut or strike the foot, the ankle, the
knee, the thigh, the hip, the navel, the belly, the flank, the
back, the bosom, the heart, the breast, the neck, the arm, the
finger, the nail, the eye, the brow, the forehead, the head, as
some kill (openly), as some extirpate (secretly), (thus the
earth-bodies are cut, struck, and killed though their feeling is
not manifest).
013
He who injures these (earth-bodies) does not comprehend and
renounce the sinful acts; he who does not injure these,
comprehends and renounces the sinful acts. Knowing them, a wise
man should not act sinfully towards earth, nor cause others to
act so, nor allow others to act so. He who knows these causes of
sin relating to earth, is called a reward-knowing sage. Thus I
say.
Third lesson.
014
(Thus I say): He who acts rightly, who does .pious work, who
practises no deceit, is called houseless.
015
One should, conquering the world, persevere in that (vigour of)
faith which one had. on the entrance in the order; the heroes
(of faith), humbly bent, (should retain their belief in) the
illustrious road (to final liberation) and in the world (of
water-bodies); having rightly comprehended them through the
instruction (of Mahavira), (they should retain) that which
causes no danger (i.e. self-control). Thus I say.
016
A man should not (himself) deny the world of (water-bodies), nor
should he deny the self. He who denies the world (of
water-bodies), denies the self; and he who denies the self,
denies the world of (water-bodies).
017
See! there are men who control themselves; others pretend only
to be houseless; for one destroys this (water-body) by bad,
injurious doings, and many other beings, besides, which he hurts
by means of water, through his doing acts relating to water.
018
About this the Revered One has taught the truth: for the sake of
the splendour, honour, and glory of this life, for the sake of
birth, death, and final liberation, for the removal of pain, man
acts sinfully towards water, or causes others to act so, or
allows others to act so.
019
This deprives him of happiness and perfect wisdom. About this he
is informed when he has understood and heard from the Revered
One, or from the monks, the faith to be coveted. There are some
who, of a truth, know this (i.e. injuring) to be the bondage,
the delusion, the death, the hell. For this a man is longing
when he destroys this (water-body) by bad and injurious doings,
and many other beings, besides, which he hurts by means of
water, through his doing acts relating to water. Thus I say.
020
There are beings living in water, many lives; of a truth, to the
monks water has been declared to be living matter. See!
considering the injuries (done to water-bodies), those acts
(which are injuries, but must be done before the use of water,
e.g. straining) have been distinctly declared. Moreover he (who
uses water which is not strained) takes away what has not been
given (i.e. the bodies of water-lives). (A Bauddha will object):
'We have permission, we have permission to drink it, or (to take
it) for toilet purposes.' Thus they destroy by various injuries
(the water-bodies). But in this their doctrine is of no
authority.
021
He who injures these (water-bodies) does not comprehend and
renounce the sinful acts; he who does not injure these,
comprehends and renounces the sinful acts.
022
Knowing them, a wise man should not act sinfully towards water,
nor cause others to act so, nor allow others to act so. He who
knows these causes of sin relating to water, is called a
reward-knowing sage. Thus I say.
Fourth lesson.
023
(Thus I say): A man should not, of his own accord, deny the
world (of fire-bodies), nor should he deny the self. He who
denies the world (of fire-bodies), denies the self; and he who
denies the self, denies the world (of fire-bodies).
024
He who knows that (viz. fire) through which injury is done to
the long-living bodies (i.e. plants), knows also that which does
no injury (i.e. control); and he who knows that which does no
injury, knows also that through which no injury is done to the
long-living bodies.
025
This has been seen by the heroes (of faith) who conquered
ignorance; for they control themselves, always exert themselves,
always mind their duty. He who is unmindful of duty, and
desiring of the qualities (i.e. of the pleasure and profit which
may be derived from the elements) is called the torment (of
living beings). Knowing this, a wise man (resolves): 'Now (I
shall do) no more what I used to do want only before.'
026
See! there are men who control themselves; others pretend only
to be houseless; for one destroys this (fire-body) by bad and
injurious doings, and many other beings, besides, which he hurts
by means of fire, through his doing acts relating to fire. About
this the Revered One has taught the truth: for the sake of the
splendour, honour, and glory of this life, for the sake of
birth, death, and final liberation, for the removal of pain, man
acts sinfully towards fire, or causes others to act so, or
allows others to act so.
027
This deprives him of happiness and perfect wisdom. About this he
is informed when he has understood, or heard from the Revered
One or from the monks, the faith to be coveted. There are some
who, of a truth, know this (i.e. injuring) to be the bondage,
the delusion, the death, the hell. For this a man is longing,
when he destroys this (fire-body) by bad and injurious doings,
and many other beings, besides, which he hurts by means of fire,
through his doing acts relating to fire. Thus I say.
028
There are beings living in the earth, living in grass, living on
leaves, living in wood, living in cowdung, living in dust-heaps,
jumping beings which coming near (fire) fall into it. Some,
certainly, touched by fire, shrivel up; those which shrivel up
there, lose their sense there; those which lose their sense
there, die there.
029
He who injures these (fire-bodies) does not comprehend and
renounce the sinful acts; he who does not injure these,
comprehends and renounces the sinful acts. Knowing them, a wise
man should not act sinfully towards fire, nor cause others to
act so, nor allow others to act so. He who knows the causes of
sin relating to fire, is called a reward knowing sage. Thus I
say.
Fifth lesson.
030
I shall not do (acts relating to plants) after having entered
the order, having recognised (the truth about these acts), and
having conceived that which is free from danger (i.e. control).'
031
He who does no acts (relating to plants), has ceased from works;
he who has ceased from them is called 'houseless.'
032
Quality is the whirlpool (avatta=samsara), and the whirlpool is
quality. Looking up, down, aside, eastward, he sees colours,
hearing he hears sounds;
033
That is called the world; not guarded against it, not obeying
the law (of the Tirthakaras), relishing the qualities,
conducting him-self wrongly, he will wantonly live in a house
(i.e. belong to the world).
034
See! there are men who control themselves; others pretend only
to be houseless,for one destroys this(body of a plant) by bad
and injurious doings, and many other beings, besides, which he
hurts by means of plants, through his doing acts relating to
plants.
035
About this the Revered One has taught the truth: for the sake of
the splendour, honour, and glory of this life, for the sake of
birth, death, and final liberation, for the removal of pain, man
acts sinfully towards plants, or causes others to act so, or
allows others to act so. This deprives him of happiness and
perfect wisdom. About this he is informed when he has
understood, or heard from the Revered One. or from the monks,
the faith to be coveted. There are some who, of a truth, know
this (i.e. injuring) to be the bondage, the delusion, the death,
the hell. For this a man is longing when he destroys this (body
of a plant) by bad and injurious doings, and many other beings,
besides, which he hurts by means of plants, through his doing
acts relating to plants. Thus I say.
036
As the nature of this (i.e. men) is to be born and to grow old,
so is the nature of that (i.e. plants) to be born and to grow
old; as this has reason, so that has reason'; as this falls sick
when cut, so that falls sick when cut; as this needs food, so
that needs food; as this will decay, so that will decay; as this
is not eternal, so that is not eternal; as this takes increment,
so that takes increment; as this is changing, so that is
changing.
037
He who injures these (plants) does not comprehend and renounce
the sinful acts; he who does not injure these, comprehends and
renounces the sinful acts. Knowing them, a wise man should not
act sinfully towards plants, nor cause others to act so, nor
allow others to act so. He who knows these causes of sin
relating to plants, is called a reward-knowing sage. Thus I say
Sixth lesson
038
Thus I say. There are beings called the animate, viz. those who
are produced 1. from eggs (birds), 2. from a fetus (as
elephants), 3. from a fetus with an enveloping membrane (as
cows, buffaloes), 4. from fluids (as worms) 5, from sweat (as
bugs, lice), 6. by coagulation (as locusts, ants), 7. from
sprouts (as butterflies, wagtails), 8. by regeneration (men,
gods, hell-beings). This is called the Samsara
039
for the slow, for the ignorant. Having well considered it,
having well looked at it, I say thus: all beings, those with
two, three, four senses, plants, those with five senses, and the
rest of creation, (experience) individually pleasure or
displeasure, pain, great terror, and unhappiness. Beings are
filled with alarm from all directions and in all directions-
See! there the benighted ones cause great pain. See! there are
beings individually embodied.
040
See! there are men who control themselves; others pretend only
to be houseless, for one destroy this (body of an animal) by bad
and injurious doings, and many other beings, besides, which he
hurts by means of animals, through his doing acts relating to
animals.
041
About this the Revered One has taught the truth: for the sake of
the splendour, honour, and glory of this life, for the sake of
birth, death, and final liberation, for the removal of pain, man
acts sinfully towards animals, or causes others to act so, or
allows others to act so. This deprives him of happiness and
perfect wisdom. About this he is informed, when he has
understood, or heard from the Revered One or from the monks, the
faith to be coveted. There are some who, of a truth, know this
(i.e. injuring) to be the bondage, the illusion, the death, the
hell. For this a man is longing, when he injures this (body of
an animal) by bad and injurious doings, and many other beings,
besides, which he hurts by means of animals, through acts
relating to animals. Thus I say.
042
Some slay (animals) for sacrificial purposes, some kill
(animals) for the sake of their skin, some kill (them) for the
sake of their flesh, some kill them for the sake of their blood;
thus for the sake of their heart, their bile, the feathers of
their tail, their tail, their big or small horns, their teeth,
their tusks, their nails, their sinews, their bones; with a
purpose or without a purpose. Some kill animals because they
have been wounded by them, or are wounded, or will be wounded.
043
He who injures these (animals) does not comprehend and renounce
the sinful acts; he-who does not injure these, comprehends and
renounces the sinful acts. Knowing them, a wise man should not
act sinfully towards animals, nor cause others to act so, nor
allow others to act so. He who knows these causes of sin
relating to animals, is called a reward-knowing sage. Thus I
say.
Seventh lesson.
044
He who is averse from (all actions relating to) wind, knows
affliction. Knowing what is bad, he who knows it with regard to
himself, knows it with regard to (the world) outside; and he who
knows it with regard to (the world) outside, knows it with
regard to himself: this reciprocity (between himself and) others
(one should mind). Those who are appeased, who are free from
passion, do not desire to live. (i)
045
See! there are men who control themselves; others pretend only
to be houseless, for one destroys this (wind-body) by bad and
injurious doings, and many other beings, besides, which he hurts
by means of wind, through his doing acts relating to wind.
046
About this the Revered One has taught the truth: for the sake of
the splendour, honour, and glory of this life, for the sake of
birth, death, and final liberation, for. the removal of pain,
man acts sinfully towards wind, or causes others to act so, or
allows others to act so. This deprives him of happiness and
perfect wisdom. About this he is informed when he has
understood, or heard from the Revered One or from the monks, the
faith to be coveted. There are some who, of a truth, know this
to be the bondage, the delusion, the death, the hell. For this a
man is longing when he destroys this (wind-body) by bad and
injurious acts, and many other -beings, besides, which he hurts
by means of wind, through his doing acts relating to wind. Thus
I say.
047
There are jumping beings which, coming near wind, fall into it.
Some, certainly, touched by wind, shrivel tip; those which
shrivel up there, lose their sense there; those which lose their
sense there, die there.
048
He who injures these (wind-bodies) does not comprehend and
renounce the sinful acts; he who does not injure these,
comprehends and renounces the sinful acts. Knowing them, a wise
man should not act sinfully towards wind, nor cause others to
act so, nor allow others to act so. He who knows these causes of
sin relating to wind, is called a rewardknowing sage. Thus I
say.
049
Be aware that about this (wind-body) too those are involved in
sin who delight not in the right conduct, and, though doing
acts, talk about religious discipline, who conducting themselves
according to their own will, pursuing sensual pleasures, and
engaging in acts, are addicted to worldliness. He who has the
true knowledge about all things, will commit no sinful act, nor
cause others to do so.
050
Knowing them, a wise man should not act sinfully towards the
aggregate of six (kinds of) lives, nor cause others to act so,
nor allow others to act so. He who knows these causes of sin
relating to the aggregate of the six (kinds of) lives, is called
a reward-knowing sage. Thus I say. |